Before an Ayurvedic Physician (vaidhya) prescribes a medicine, he or she takes into consideration the nature of the imbalance (dosha, dhatu, vikriti), the constitution of the patient (prakriti), the strength of his/her digestive system (agni, malas) as well as his/her age, the climatic condition at the place of residence and other factors. The illnesses that have manifested might be related to a variety of imbalances which influence the person’s physiology, sometimes on multiple levels, and the physician will have to analyse very carefully which area of imbalance needs to be addressed first and how. Since herbal medication work on many levels and affect different parts of the body, it is important to adhere to certain dietary limitations – salt, cold or heavy food for example – during the period of medicine intake and set a specific time for the medicine intake as well. With this said, it is not astonishing that people with the same symptoms almost never get the same medical prescription and advice. Ayurvedic medicine is highly personalized and targeted and there is no “one size fits all” approach – quite the opposite.
Each Ayurvedic medicine or formulation targets specific areas of the physiology like respiratory system, circulatory system, renal system or digestive system. Most of the medicines have also very specific target actions like shrotoshodana (vasodilation), lekhana (scraping), abhishandihara (removing congestion) and they affect a dosha in a particular manner, either increasing or decreasing it.
Other important actions are:
- Ama pachana: “burning” ama (digestig or removing toxins)
- Shodana: expelling excess dosha or mala (waste)
- Shamana: calming aggravated dosha
- Rasayana: nourishing and rejuvenating tissues
The Charaka Samhita, probably the most important ancient authoritative writings on Ayurveda (400-200 BCE), classifies and groups medicinal plants based on their functions. There is, for instance, a dedicated group of herbs which have diuretic functions. It is called mutrala, and tribulis terestris (gokshura) and durwa (bermuda grass) are part of this group. Another group of plants is called kushtagna gana. This group includes medicines that are often used in skin diseases. Examples here are turmeric (haridra), cutchtree (khadira), neem (nimba) and cheesewood tree (sapta parni). Then there is hridya gana, a group of plants that work on the heart, keeping it healthy and helping cure pathologies of the heart. Arjuna, shala parni and pushna parni are part of this group.